Gender issues have been present in human societies since long before the Paleolithic era. And they remain very poorly resolved.

"[...] For having identified the prerequisites for sustained growth through technological progress." The three laureates have focused their attention on the technological change that leads to sustained economic growth. Joel Mokyr has investigated the conditions that fostered the explosion of creativity and technological innovation that led to the Industrial Revolution and that has fueled a continuous flow of innovations ever since. In the early stages—the late 17th century and throughout the 18th century—the decisive factor was the convergence of skilled workers, knowledgeable in their trades and driven to improve the efficiency of their work, and highly educated people—many of whom were aristocrats or descendants of aristocrats—with a passion for observing how things worked. The former deployed what he calls "prescriptive knowledge," and the latter what he calls "propositional knowledge" (we could call it "practical" and "theoretical"), and they paid attention to each other across many societies, of practitioners or of scholars, but all interested in knowing how everything worked and why, or because. The interaction of both types of knowledge was the great "miracle" of knowledge and growth in 18th-century Britain. This is what he has called "the Enlightenment economy," and on which he has published extraordinary books for more than three decades.

The first time Pol Forn-Díaz heard about quantum information was during a summer course in the Aragonese Pyrenees. He hadn't long finished his degree and was completely fascinated when he heard about it. Antonio Acín, a theoretical physicist at the Institute of Photonic Sciences (ICFO), talking about quantum information. Shortly after, while starting his doctorate in the Netherlands, he met research groups that were applying superconductivity, another topic that interested him, to quantum information. It was a revelation that pushed him to take a leap of faith and launch into research in this entirely new field.

Israeli-American Joel Mokyr, Frenchman Phillipe Aghion, and Canadian Peter Howitt are the three economists who have won the 2025 Nobel Prize in Economics. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has recognized the laureates' quest for "having explained economic growth caused by innovation," as explained economic growth.